/* GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE ************************** Copyright (C) 1999 Todd Martin Miller tmiller@toddmiller.com Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble ======== The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b. 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You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. 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If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. */ /* Chemistry, 2nd ed; Bailar, J.C., Kleinburg, J., Castellion, M.E., Moeller, T., Guss, C.O., Metz, C., Academic Press, New York, 1984 page 110 * The Search For The Elements, Isaac Asimov, Basic Books Inc., New York, 1962 ** The Lore and Romance of Alchemy, C.J.S. Thompson, Bell Publishing Co., New York, 1990 edition. @ Chemistry of the Elements, Greenwood, N.N.; Earnshaw, A., Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York, 1984 # The Development of Modern Chemistry; Ihde, Aaron J.; Harper & Row, New York, 1964, pages747-749 */ struct TL { char *line; } TimeLine[] = { {" 2000 B.C. Bronze used by the Egyptians"}, /* ** */ {" 600 B.C. Water proposed as an Element by Thales"}, /* * */ {" 550 B.C. Air proposed as an Element by Anaximenes"}, /* * */ {" 550 B.C. Fire proposed as an Element by Heraclitus"}, /* * */ {" 450 B.C. Earth proposed as an Element by Empedocles"}, /* * */ {" 350 B.C. Aether proposed as an Element by Aristotle"}, /* * */ {" 750 A.D. Mercury proposed as an Element by Jabir"}, /* * */ {" 750 A.D. Sulfur proposed as an Element by Jabir"}, /* * */ {" 1530 A.D. Salt used in descriptions by Paracelsus"}, /* * */ {" 1662 A.D. Boyle's Law"}, {" 1669 A.D. Brand discovers Phosphorus"}, {" 1669 A.D. Johann J. Becher invents Phlogiston theory of burning"}, {" 1737 A.D. Brandt discovers Cobalt"}, {" 1738 A.D. Daniel Bernoulli relates pressure to molecular motion"}, {" 1748 A.D. de Ulloa discovers Platinum (describes earlier known metal)"}, {" 1751 A.D. Cronstedt discovers Nickel"}, {" 1766 A.D. Henry Cavendish discovers hydrogen"}, {" 1772 A.D. Daniel Rutherford discovers nitrogen"}, {" 1772 A.D. L.B.G. deMorveau,first table of chemically simple substances"}, /* @ */ {" 1774 A.D. Scheele discovers Chlorine"}, {" 1774 A.D. Joseph Priestly discovers oxygen"}, {" 1774 A.D. Gahn discovers Manganese"}, {" 1776 A.D. Antoine Lavoisier characterizes oxygen"}, {" 1781 A.D. Hjelm discovers Molybdenum"}, {" 1783 A.D. Muller von Reichstein discovers Tellurium"}, {" 1783 A.D. de Elhuyar brothers discovers Tungsten"}, {" 1787 A.D. Charles' law"}, {" 1789 A.D. Klaproth discovers Uranium"}, {" 1789 A.D. Klaproth discovers Zirconium"}, {" 1791 A.D. Gregor discovers Titanium"}, {" 1794 A.D. Gadolin discovers Yttrium"}, {" 1797 A.D. Vauquelin discovers Beryllium"}, {" 1798 A.D. Vauquelin discovers Chromium"}, {" 1801 A.D. Hatchett discovers Niobium"}, {" 1801 A.D. Dalton's law of partial pressures"}, {" 1802 A.D. Ekeberg discovers Tantalum"}, {" 1803 A.D. Wollaston discovers Palladium"}, {" 1803 A.D. Wollaston discovers Rhodium"}, {" 1803 A.D. Klaproth discovers Cerium"}, {" 1804 A.D. Tennant discovers Osmium"}, {" 1804 A.D. Tennant discovers Iridium"}, {" 1807 A.D. Davy discovers Potassium"}, {" 1807 A.D. Davy discovers Sodium"}, {" 1808 A.D. Gay-Lussac's law of combining volues"}, {" 1808 A.D. Davy discovers Barium"}, {" 1808 A.D. Davy discovers Strontium"}, {" 1808 A.D. Davy discovers Calcium"}, {" 1808 A.D. Davy discovers Magnesium"}, {" 1808 A.D. Gay-Lussac and Thenard discovers Boron"}, {" 1811 A.D. Courtois discovers Iodine"}, {" 1817 A.D. Arfvedson discovers Lithium"}, {" 1817 A.D. Stromeyer discovers Cadmium"}, {" 1818 A.D. Berzelius discovers Selenium"}, {" 1824 A.D. Berzelius discovers Silicon"}, {" 1825 A.D. Oersted discovers Aluminum"}, {" 1826 A.D. Balard discovers Bromine"}, {" 1829 A.D. Berzelius discovers Thorium"}, {" 1829 A.D. J.W. Dobereiner discovers triads of elements for periodic table"}, /* @ */ {" 1830 A.D. Graham's law of diffision"}, {" 1830 A.D. Sefstrom discovers Vanadium"}, {" 1839 A.D. Mosander discovers Lanthanum"}, {" 1843 A.D. Mosander discovers Terbium"}, {" 1843 A.D. Mosander discovers Erbium"}, {" 1843 A.D. L.Gmelin Vshaped arrangements of 16 triads for periodic table"}, /* @ */ {" 1844 A.D. Klaus discovers Ruthenium"}, {" 1846 A.D. Graham's law of effusion"}, {" 1857 A.D. J.B. Dumas published rudimentary table, 32 elements in 8 columns"}, /* @ */ {" 1860 A.D. Bunsen and Kirchhoff discover Cesium"}, {" 1860 A.D. J. Clerk Maxwell, mathematics of kinetic theory"}, {" 1861 A.D. Bunsen and Kirchhoff discover Rubidium"}, {" 1861 A.D. William Crookes discovers Thallium"}, {" 1862 A.D. A.E.B. de Chancourtois table of elements by atomic weight"}, {" 1863 A.D. Reich and Richter discover Indium"}, {" 1864 A.D. L. Meyer published table of valences for 49 elements"}, /* @ */ {" 1864 A.D. W. Odling drew up an almost correct table of 57 elements"}, /* @ */ {" 1865 A.D. J.A.R. Newlands publishes his periodic table"}, /* @ */ {" 1868 A.D. Ludwig Boltzmann, mathmatics of kinetic theory"}, {" 1869 A.D. D.I. Mendeleev published several forms of the periodic table"}, /* @ */ {" 1871 A.D. D.I. Mendeleev's improved periodic table predicts 10 elements"}, /* @ */ {" 1875 A.D. Boisbaudran discovers Gallium"}, {" 1879 A.D. Cleve discovers Holmium"}, {" 1879 A.D. Cleve discovers Thulium"}, {" 1879 A.D. Nilson discovers Scandium"}, {" 1879 A.D. Nilson discovers Ytterbium"}, {" 1879 A.D. Cathode rays, William Crookes"}, {" 1880 A.D. Boisbaudran discovers Samarium"}, {" 1880 A.D. Marignac discovers Gadolinium"}, {" 1881 A.D. Electron, G. Johnstone Stoney"}, {" 1885 A.D. Auer von Welsbach discovers Praseodymium"}, {" 1885 A.D. Auer von Welsbach discovers Neodymium"}, {" 1885 A.D. Hydrogen Spectrum, Johann Balmer"}, {" 1886 A.D. Winkler discovers Germanium"}, {" 1886 A.D. Moissan discovers Fluorine"}, {" 1886 A.D. Boisbaudran discovers Dysprosium"}, {" 1886 A.D. Canal rays, Eugen Goldstein"}, {" 1894 A.D. William Ramsay and Rayleigh discover Argon"}, {" 1895 A.D. William Ramsay and Cleve (independantly) discover Helium"}, {" 1897 A.D. Electron e/m, J.J. Thompson"}, {" 1898 A.D. William Ramsay and Travers discover Krypton"}, {" 1898 A.D. William Ramsay and Travers discover Neon"}, {" 1898 A.D. William Ramsay and Travers discover Xenon"}, {" 1898 A.D. Marie and Pierre Curie discover Polonium"}, {" 1898 A.D. Marie and Pierre Curie and Gustave Bemont discover Radium"}, {" 1998 A.D. Canal ray e/m, W. Wien"}, {" 1899 A.D. Debierne discovers Actinium"}, {" 1900 A.D. Dorn dicovers Radon (Thoron by Rutherford and Owens)."}, {" 1900 A.D. E - hv, Max Plank"}, {" 1901 A.D. Demarcay discovers Europium"}, {" 1905 A.D. Quantized radiation, Albert Einstein"}, {" 1907 A.D. Urbain discovers Lutetium"}, {" 1909 A.D. Charge on electron, Robert A. Millikan"}, {" 1911 A.D. Nuclear atom model, Ernest Rutherford"}, {" 1913 A.D. Hydrogen atom model, Niels Bohr"}, {" 1913 A.D. Meaning of atomic number, Henry Moseley"}, {" 1917 A.D. Hahn and Meitner discover Protactinium"}, {" 1923 A.D. Coster and Hevesy discover Hafnium"}, {" 1923 A.D. lamba = h/mu, Louis de Broglie"}, {" 1925 A.D. Noddack, Tacke, and Berg discover Rhenium"}, {" 1926 A.D. Wave-mechanical atomic model, Erwin Schrodinger"}, {" 1926 A.D. Uncertainty Principal, Werner Heisenberg"}, {" 1927 A.D. Electron diffraction, C.J. Davisson and L.H. Germer"}, {" 1932 A.D. Neutron, James Chadwick"}, {" 1939 A.D. Perey discovers Francium"}, {" 1939 A.D. Perrier and Segre discover Technetium"}, {" 1940 A.D. E. McMillan and P. Abelson synthesize Neptunium"}, /* @ */ {" 1940 A.D. Corson, Mackenzie, and Segre synthesize Astatine"}, {" 1940 A.D. Seaborg, McMillan, Kennedy, and Wahl synthesize Plutonium"}, {" 1944 A.D. G.T. Seaborg proposed actinide hypothesis and predicted 14 elements"}, /* @ */ {" 1944 A.D. Seaborg, James, and Morgan synthesize Americium"}, {" 1944 A.D. Seaborg, James, and Ghiorso synthesize Curium"}, {" 1945 A.D. Marinsky and Glendenin synthesize Promethium"}, {" 1949 A.D. Thompson, Ghiorso, and Seaborg synthesize Berkelium"}, {" 1949 A.D. Thompson, Street, Ghiorso, and Seaborg synthesize Californium"}, {" 1954 A.D. Berkely group synthesize Einsteinium"}, {" 1954 A.D. Berkely group synthesize Fermium"}, {" 1955 A.D. Ghiosro, Harvey, Choppin, Thompson, and Seaborg make Mendelevium"}, {" 1958 A.D. Robert J. Silva and coworkers produce somewhat stable Nobelium"}, {" 1961 A.D. Ghiosro and coworkers produce Lawrencium"}, {" 1964 A.D. Russian researchers at Dubna discover Dubnium"}, {" 1967 A.D. Russian researchers at Dubna discover Joliotium"}, {" 1974 A.D. Russian researchers at Dubna discover Rutherfordium"}, {" 1976 A.D. Russian researchers discover Bohrium"}, {" 1981 A.D. Armbruster et.el. at Darmstadt, Germany discover Hahnium"}, {" 1982 A.D. Armbruster et.el. at Darmstadt, Germany discover Meitenerium"}, {" 1987 A.D. Organession et.el. in Russia clain to discover element 110."}, {" 1994 A.D. Armbruster et.el. at Darmstadt, Germary create element 110"}, {" 1994 A.D. Armbruster et.el. at Darmstadt, Germany create element 111"}, {"EndOfData"}};